Abstract: Federated learning (FL) preserves data privacy by exchanging gradients instead of local training data. However, these private data can still be reconstructed from the exchanged gradients.

All gradients can be downloaded and used for free Commercial and non-commercial purposes No permission needed (though attribution is appreciated.) ...

Abstract: Stochastic optimization algorithms are widely used to solve large-scale machine learning problems. However, their theoretical analysis necessitates access to unbiased estimates of the true ...